Darussan da aka koya daga hare-haren 9/11 a Amurka

Babban aikin kowace gwamnati shi ne kare al'ummarta, abin da shugabanni da dama suka sha furtawa tsawon shekaru.

Amma a ranar 11 ga Satumban 2001, Amurka ta gaza cika wannan nauyi a fili.

Duk da cewa akwai bayanan sirri da suka nuna yiwuwar harin, abin takaici babu wanda ya haɗa dukkan alamu tare cikin lokaci domin dakile shi.

Harin na 11 ga Satumba, wanda aka fi sani da 9/11, ya zama wani muhimmin lamari da ya tsara manufofin ƙasashen waje, tsaro da tattara bayanan sirri a duniya na tsawon kusan shekaru 20 na farkon wannan ƙarni, tare da matakan da aka ɗauka a matsayin martani ga hare-haren.

A ranar 11 ga Satumban 2001, yayin da matukan jiragen da suka yi kisan kai na ƙungiyar al-Qaeda suka karkatar da jiragen fasinja suka kuma kutsa da su cikin gine-ginen cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (World Trade Center), ni kuma ina dab da kammala aiki a ofishinmu na Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Yayin da wani direban tasi Bafalasdine ke kai na ta cikin tsaunukan da ke yammacin Urushalima zuwa filin jirgin saman Ben Gurion na Tel Aviv, sai ya ƙara sautin rediyon motarsa.

Ya ce, "Wani babban lamari ya faru a Amurka." Bai wuce gona da iri ba. Mutane 2,977 ne suka rasa rayukansu a wannan rana.

Hare-haren ba su zo ne ba tare da wata alama ba. Tun shekaru kafin 2001, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (CIA) tana sane da wanzuwar cibiyar al-Qaeda da kuma shugabanta ɗan Saudiyya da ke gudun hijira, Osama bin Laden.

Har ma hukumar tana da wata ƙungiya ta musamman da aka kafa domin bibiyarsa da kuma ƙoƙarin cafke shi.

Kwana tara bayan hare-haren na 11 ga Satumba, shugaban Amurka na wancan lokaci, George W. Bush, ya ayyana abin da ya kira "Yaƙi da Ta'addanci" (War on Terror).

A cikin shekaru 25 da suka biyo bayan haka, an samu nasarori da kuma gazawa da dama a fannin tattara bayanan sirri a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika.

Daga cikin nasarorin akwai hare-haren ta'addanci da aka dakile kafin su faru, da kuma waɗanda ake zargi da aka kama, aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, aka same su da laifi sannan aka daure su.

Sai dai babban tambayar ita ce: Me ya canza a babban hoto? Ta yaya hanyoyin tattara bayanan sirri, yaƙi da ta'addanci da kuma tsara dabarun tsaro suka sauya a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata tun bayan mummunan harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin Amurka?

Wannan tambaya ce da masana harkokin tsaro da shugabannin siyasa suka ci gaba da tattaunawa a kanta, yayin da duniya ke nazarin irin darussan da aka koya daga hare-haren 11 ga Satumban 2001 da kuma yadda suka sauya tsarin tsaro a ƙasashe da dama na duniya.

Gazawar tattara bayanan sirri

Babu shakka cewa harin 11 ga Satumba (9/11) ya kasance wata babbar gazawa ta fannin bayanan sirri, ko kuma a ce gazawar hangen nesa a cikin hukumomin leken asirin Amurka.

A lokacin, duka Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta CIA da Hukumar Binciken Manyan Laifuka ta FBI suna da bayanan da, da an fitar da su yadda ya kamata, da wataƙila an hana aukuwar harin.

Rahoton Kwamitin Binciken Harin 11 ga Satumba ya zargi gwamnatin Amurka da abin da ya kira "gazawar hangen nesa da manufofi da ƙwarewa da shugabanci."

Rahoton ya kammala da cewa CIA da FBI sun gaza yin cikakken nazari kan bayanan sirri da suke da su, ba su kuma yi musayar bayanai yadda ya kamata ba, sannan ba su ɗauki isassun matakai don daƙile harin tun kafin ya faru ba.

Tun daga wannan lokaci, darasin da aka koya daga wannan kuskure ya taimaka matuƙa wajen inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin leƙen asiri na ƙasashen Yamma, kodayake ba a kai ga cikakkiyar nasara ba.

A yau, musayar bayanan sirri tsakanin waɗannan hukumomi ta fi yadda take a shekarar 2001 nesa ba kusa ba.

A Birtaniya, tsohuwar tsama tsakanin hukumar tsaron cikin gida ta MI5 da rundunar Counter Terrorism Police sun ragu ƙwarai.

Da fari an kafa cibiyoyin haɗa bayanan sirri a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar, sannan daga baya aka ƙaddamar da babbar cibiyar yaƙi da ta'addanci mai tsaro ta musamman a Landan, wato Counter Terrorism Operations Centre.

A wannan cibiya, jami'an MI5 kan zauna kusa da jami'an ƴansanda waɗanda aikinsu shi ne ɗaukar matakan gaggawa domin dakile duk wata makarkashiyar ta'addanci.

Haka kuma suna iya yin aiki tare da jami'an FBI daga Amurka ko kuma ƙwararrun masana harsuna da suka fito daga cibiyar leƙen asirin sadarwa ta Birtaniya, GCHQ.

Tun bayan harin 9/11, Amurka ma ta sake fasalin tsarin hukumomin leƙen asirinta gaba ɗaya.

An kafa Cibiyar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci ta Ƙasa (National Counter Terrorism Center) a wajen Washington DC, tare da ƙirƙirar muƙamin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Ƙasa (Director of National Intelligence) domin tabbatar da cewa bayanai suna gudana yadda ya kamata tsakanin hukumomin leken asiri 18 na ƙasar.

A halin yanzu, alaƙar da ke tsakanin CIA ta Amurka da takwararta ta Birtaniya, Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), na daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a duniya.

Haka kuma akwai ƙawancen Five Eyes, wanda ke haɗa Amurka da Birtaniya da Canada da Australia da kuma New Zealand wajen musayar bayanan sirri.

Sai dai duk da waɗannan sauye-sauye da ci gaba, an ci gaba da samun manyan kura-kurai a fannin tattara bayanan sirri, tantance su da kuma tsara dabarun tsaro bayan harin da ya ruguza Hasumiyoyin Tagwayen World Trade Center.

Kafin mamayar Iraki da Amurka ta jagoranta a shekarar 2003, hukumar MI6 ta Birtaniya ta fuskanci suka kan yadda aka yi amfani da bayanan sirrinta wajen cimma manufofin siyasa.

Wannan lamari ya jawo mata ɗaya daga cikin manyan tabo ga martabarta tun bayan badaƙalar wasu jami'anta da suka yi aikin leƙen asiri ga Tarayyar Soviet, ciki har da shahararren jami'i mai suna Kim Philby, a shekarun 1950 da 1960.

A daidai lokacin da ake fuskantar matsin lambar siyasa mai ƙarfi daga Washington na a samar da hujjojin da za su nuna cewa Iraki, ƙarƙashin shugaba Saddam Hussein, ta mallaki makaman kare dangi (Weapons of Mass Destruction - WMDs), hukumar leken asirin Birtaniya ta MI6 ta bai wa gwamnatin Firaminista Tony Blair bayanan sirri da daga baya aka gano cewa ba su da inganci sosai.

Gaskiya ne Iraki ta taɓa mallakar irin waɗannan makamai a baya, amma an riga an lalata su bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na shekarar 1991.

Bayan mamayar Iraƙi a shekarar 2003, MI6 ta sake fasalin yadda take tantance bayanan sirri na farko da jami'anta ke tattarowa daga filin aiki, waɗanda ake kira CX.

A yau, akwai cikakkiyar rarrabuwar aiki tsakanin jami'an da ke hulɗa da majiyoyi domin tattara bayanai da kuma ƙungiyar da ke nazari kan waɗannan bayanai.

Aikin jami'an tattara bayanan shi ne samo bayanai daga wurare irin su Iran da Koriya ta Arewa ko kuma daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka haramta kamar al-Qaeda.

Sai kuma ƙungiyar masu nazari da rahotanni, waɗanda aikinsu shi ne tantance sahihancin bayanan, yin tambayoyi a kansu da kuma mayar da su domin neman ƙarin hujjoji idan akwai buƙata.

Duk da waɗannan sauye-sauye, wasu muhimman darussa daga 9/11 ba a koya su yadda ya kamata ba tsawon shekaru.

Janar Sir Richard Shirreff, wanda ya yi aiki a Iraki a matsayin kwamandan runduna, ya ce:

"Yaƙin Iraƙi na 2003 ya ta'allaƙa ne kan bayanan sirri da ke cike da kura-kurai. Shin mun koyi darasi daga hakan? A'a. Ina ganin ba mu iya koyon darasi yadda ya kamata ba. A matsayina na kwamanda, a fili yake cewa muna tafiya ne zuwa ga gazawar dabarun yaƙi."

Bayan mamayar Iraƙin, an sake gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya kai ga fitar da Rahoton Butler (Butler Review).

Rahoton ya kammala da cewa bayanan sirrin da Birtaniya ta dogara da su kan zargin shirin makaman ƙare dangi na Iraki "na ɗauke da manyan kura-kurai kuma sun dogara ƙwarai kan majiyoyin da ba a tantance sahihancinsu ba."

Hukumar tsaron cikin gida ta Birtaniya, MI5, ita ma ta fuskanci nata ƙalubale da kura-kurai, duk da irin nasarorin da ta samu wajen daƙile hare-haren ta'addanci.

Lord Jonathan Evans, wanda ya jagoranci MI5 tsakanin 2007 da 2013, ya ce:

"Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, an yi la'akari da cewa babbar barazanar tsaro mafi muhimmanci ga Birtaniya ita ce ta'addancin al-Qaeda da kuma mutanen da ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ita."

Amma a wancan lokaci, tare da kundin bayanai na mutane fiye da 20,000 da ake sa ido a kansu a matsayin masu jan hankali ga hukumomin tsaro, da kuma yawan binciken da ake gudanarwa a lokaci guda, hukumar leken asirin cikin gida ta Birtaniya MI5 tana fuskantar, kuma har yanzu tana fuskanta, ƙalubalen tantance waɗanne bayanai ko sahun bincike za a bai wa fifiko.

Kuma ba koyaushe take yin daidai ba.

A shekarar 2005, ta gaza hana hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake na 7 ga Yuli (7/7) a birnin Landan, waɗanda suka kashe mutane 52.

Hukumar tsaron ta riga ta san da Mohammed Sidique Khan, mutumin da daga baya aka gano shi ne jagoran maharan, amma ba ta san shirin da yake gab da aiwatarwa ba.

Harin da aka kai a Manchester Arena a shekarar 2017 ma wani misali ne na gazawar da ta faru a baya-bayan nan.

A yau, barazanar ta'addanci ba ta kau ba, amma kamar yadda Lord Evans ya bayyana, "yanayin lamarin ya sauya. Ta'addancin da ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ke aiwatarwa har yanzu babban abin damuwa ne, amma barazanar da ke fitowa daga ƙasashe ta zama mai tsanani ƙwarai, kuma aƙalla ta kai matsayin da ta'addancin ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba ke da shi wajen barazana ga tsaron ƙasa."

Ya ƙara da cewa waɗannan barazanon suna zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban daga ƙasashe kamar Rasha da Iran, da kuma ƙungiyoyin da ke mara musu baya, sannan daga China.

Haka kuma ana iya cewa matakin da Shugaban Amurka, Donald Trump, ya ɗauka na shiga tare da Isra'ila wajen kai hari kan Iran a wannan shekara, ya nuna gazawar hangen nesa ta fuskar bayanan sirri da nazarin tsaro.

Dukkan ƙawayen Amurka da ke yankin Tekun Fasha sun san cewa akwai babbar barazanar Iran za ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe Mashigin Hormuz, wata muhimmiyar hanyar safarar man fetur a duniya.

An yi ta gargaɗi game da wannan yiwuwar, amma da alama Trump bai tanadi wata dabarar da za ta fuskanci hakan ba idan Iran ta aiwatar da barazanar da ta yi.

Kuma a lokacin da Iran ta aikata abin da ta yi ta faɗa tun farko, lamarin ya haifar da mummunar tangarda a kasuwannin makamashi na duniya, tare da jefa farashin man fetur da safarar makamashi cikin rashin tabbas.

Tunanin abin da ya dace da wanda ba su dace ba

Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba tsoro ya mamaye Amurka da ƙawayenta cewa wata sabuwar guguwa ta hare-haren ta'addanci na tafe.

A haƙiƙa, ƙungiyar al-Qaeda ta yi iƙirarin cewa za a kai wasu hare-hare da "tarin jiragen sama" kan ƙarin gine-gine.

A ƙoƙarin daƙile yiwuwar irin waɗannan hare-hare, an samu take haƙƙin ɗan Adam da dama daga Amurka da wasu ƙawayenta.

An kama mutane da yawa a Afghanistan da Pakistan bisa bayanan sirri marasa ƙarfi a wasu lokuta.

Daga nan aka daure su, aka rufe musu ido, aka sanya musu takunkumi, wasu kuma aka sa musu kayan yara masu ɗaukar fitsari, sannan aka kai su ta jirgin sama zuwa sansanin tsaron ruwa na Amurka da ke Guantanamo Bay a Cuba, inda aka tsare su na tsawon lokaci ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba.

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam sun yi Allah-wadai da wannan mataki, suna masu cewa ya bar tabo a kan martabar ɗabi'a da ƙa'idodin da Amurka ke ikirarin karewa.

Daga baya kuma an bankado badakalu masu nasaba da cin zarafin fursunoni da ke hannun dakarun Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan.

An hukunta wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka aikata laifukan, amma masu sukar lamarin sun ce wasu manyan jami'ai sun tsallake ba tare da an ɗora musu alhaki ba.

Duk da haka, har yanzu Amurka na ci gaba da tsare wasu fursunoni ba tare da shari'a ba a Guantanamo Bay.

Haka kuma, a shekarar 2025, ta tura sama da mutum 200 daga Amurka zuwa wata cibiyar tsare masu laifukan ta'addanci mai cike da cece-kuce a ƙasar El Salvador.

A Birtaniya ma, shekarun farko bayan harin 9/11 sun zo da nasu ƙalubalen da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan Adam.

A shekarar 2004, an zargi hukumar leken asiri ta MI6 da hannu a sace wani ɗan adawar gwamnatin Libya mai ra'ayin Islama, Abdelhakim Belhaj, tare da matarsa daga Thailand zuwa Libya.

A can Libya, Belhaj ya shafe shekaru a gidan yari, inda ya ce ya fuskanci azabtarwa a hannun gwamnatin Kanal Muammar Gaddafi.

Daga baya lamarin ya fito fili, wanda ya kai ga babban Lauyan Gwamnatin Birtaniya ya gabatar da cikakken ba da haƙuri ga Belhaj a gaban Majalisar Dokoki a shekarar 2018.

A yau, rahotanni na nuna cewa sashen lauyoyi na cikin gida na hukumomin leken asiri na daga cikin sassan da ke samun bunƙasa cikin sauri, wani abu da masana ke dangantawa da ƙarin ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ayyukan hukumomin tsaro suna tafiya cikin iyakokin doka da kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam.

Yadda duniya ta sauya

A bayyane yake cewa duniyar tattara bayanan sirri da yaƙi da ta'addanci ta sauya matuƙa cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata tun daga safiyar ranar 11 ga Satumba a New York mai cike da sararin sama mai shuɗi ba tare da gajimare ba.

Tare da bunƙasar fasahar basanin na'ura mai hankali (AI) da kuma ƙididdigar quantum (quantum computing), ana sa ran wannan sauyi zai ci gaba da gudana, ba kawai a hankali ba, har ma cikin sauri sosai a wasu fannoni.

Hakan na nufin cewa hukumomin leken asiri da na tsaro za su ci gaba da fuskantar sabbin ƙalubale da dama, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin daidaita kansu da sabbin hanyoyin tattara bayanai, nazarinsu da kuma dakile barazanar tsaro a duniyar da ke ƙara haɗuwa ta hanyar fasaha.

Sai dai duk da ci gaban da aka samu cikin ƙarni na farko na wannan zamani, darasin da harin 11 ga Satumba ya koyar ya kasance iri ɗaya: nasarar tsaro ba ta ta'allaka ne kawai kan samun bayanan sirri ba, illa kuma kan yadda ake fahimtar su, raba su tsakanin hukumomi, da kuma ɗaukar matakin da ya dace a lokacin da ya dace